In Full Bloom

By now you’ve either decided that you NEVER want to hear another word about HRM/HRMDS metrics, or your metrics spreadsheet is ready to roll.  You’ve used the highest level processes of the HRM domain model, mine or yours, as the columns and a metrics taxonomy, mine or yours, arrayed as the rows.  What’s next is to decide on the actual metrics, along with their target values and the time periods across which we’ll budget/forecast and then measure them.  Before you conclude that I’m even zanier than you’ve heard, rest assured that we are not going to fill in all or even most of the cells.  We could do that, but the effort would far outweigh the benefits, and we would have turned analysis paralysis into an art form.

Instead, we’re going to focus on the critical few, on just those metrics (if you’re an end-user organization) that are VERY important to the achievement of your organization’s business outcomes, to the running of your HRM business and the operations of your HRM delivery system (HRMDS).  This does presume that your organization has well-defined business outcome metrics, target values and time frames and that you’ve already drawn a line of sight from them to the HRM outcomes that are critical to achieving them, but we have to start somewhere.

If you’re the operational leader of an HRM shared services organization within an end-user organization or are the operational leader of an HRM BPO provider, you may expand the critical few to focus on the metrics you must have to run the factory, i.e. to run your delivery of HRM processes as efficiently, effectively and profitably as possible.  And if you’re an HRM software vendor whose products are used by both types of customers, you’ll have to consider everyone’s needs in your product and analytics strategy.

We’re also not going to get into a snit about what’s strategic and what’s administrative because we’re going to use a very simple business rule to make that distinction.  If the HRM process under discussion has a direct impact on increasing business revenues and/or materially impacting business profits, then it’s strategic.  If not, however worthy, difficult and important to the organization, it’s administrative.  Shortening the time from known need for another salesman until a new salesman is fully productive is very strategic.  Shortening the time from the end of a pay period until that payroll is fully distributed is very administrative, albeit a worthy goal.  Shortening the time to zero between release of a new product and having a suitable sales incentive plan operational to support that product roll-out is very strategic.  Shortening the time to zero between an employee wanting to request leave and their having done so is very administrative — although the design of the leave plan might be strategic if it allows the firm to recruit more effectively among specific, desirable populations.

Rather than wasting one moment of your time debating what is or isn’t strategic by HRM process, you can always collapse the metrics categories from the twelve shown in part III of this series of posts to just six and then, as needed, expand them again later.  And for purposes of explaining each of categories, I’m going to do just that.

HRM administrative and strategic process activity metrics — produced as a natural byproduct of conducting the underlying administrative or strategic processes, these are the familiar who did what, at what cost, with what volumes, and with what elapsed times.  They describe what happened.  They don’t describe why it happened, what business results were produced, whether it happened in the best way, nor in what way and how well these activities contributed to the achievement of essential HRM or business outcomes.  With respect to industry benchmarks, these are the most easily available, especially for the more administrative aspects of HRM processes, and they are often used (although weakly, in my view) in developing the business case for investments in HRM and the HRMDS as well as (correctly) the starting point for finding direct cost savings.  With respect to outsourcing, these types of metrics are often (with mixed results) the starting point for developing service level agreements, but they are totally insufficient for ensuring that business outcomes are met.  These metrics tell us how much it costs to hire and how long it takes to hire but not whether or not we’re making the right hires or how to attract those right hires.  They say how many “paychecks were cut” and how many hours after the close of the pay period they were “cut,” but there’s nothing here about their accuracy or, more importantly, the behavioral impact of our various compensation and benefit plans.  Activity metrics tell us how many hours of training were taken, how many safety incidents were reported, how many electronic resumes were received, how many call center calls were received, etc.

HRM administrative and strategic process outcome metrics — far more powerful than process activity metrics, outcome metrics begin to get at the real reason for doing HRM processes, and the real emphasis for an HRM software vendor’s or outsourcing provider’s analytical “pitch” is likely to begin here, especially with the more strategic aspects of these processes and the related metrics.  Benchmarks are available for some of these metrics, but they tend to be from the proprietary sources of various vendors and consultants.  However, as the outcomes become more important to measure, it becomes harder to find good benchmarks, and our best benchmark may be our own improvement over time in those areas that are critical to achieving our business outcomes.  Much more analysis, including trending and/or data mining, is needed to categorize these outcomes as desirable within the larger business context; that’s where the next group of metrics begins it’s work.  These metrics include the number of new hires (but not their quality), attrition rates (but not whether it’s good or bad attrition), payroll errors (but not the source or impact of those errors), the number of background checks completed with only driving violations (but no indication of to what extent driving violations are cause for concern), etc.

HRM administrative and strategic process activity pattern recognition metrics — these are the metrics used to begin to diagnose process issues.  Are the volumes indicative of desirable program utilization or of under- or over-utilization in the face of program design flaws?  Are the number of safety/health incidents showing a day/time pattern, a pattern related to changes in work rules or total compensation plans, a pattern related to labor relations negotiation schedules?  Are there patterns in the volumes, types, and/or timing of HRM grievances/complaints that point to problems with specific programs, practices and/or individual managers?  This is where we begin to look at the processes in order to understand why what is happening is happening, and whether or not it’s desirable.

HRM administrative and strategic process outcome pattern recognition metrics — looking for patterns in the outcomes is investigative reporting.  Given specific levels of turnover, are they good or bad?  Well, it depends: low turnover among poor performers is bad; low turnover among good performers is good; high turnover among poor performers is good; and high turnover among good performers is bad.  To find causal factors, these outcome patterns point the way, e.g.: do all the workers who have been hired by manager X perform at a higher than average level?  Is there something special about X’s selection process or management style?  Is there something special about X’s applicant pool or the nature of the work being done?   The real purpose of business outcome metrics is to get at the causal factors around excellent outcomes and then to design processes and business rules that achieve those excellent outcomes consistently and by everyone.

HRM administrative and strategic process activity and process outcome pattern prediction metrics — predicting what patterns, predicting what outcomes, especially what business outcomes, will be produced under various scenarios, whether for administrative or strategic processes, is the holy grail in business outcome metrics, but it is nearly impossible to generalize examples of these metrics.  The types of metrics that help predict future patterns in administrative or strategic process outcomes are those which are early enough in a complex process to be early warning signs for what patterns will come later.  For example, if there’s a well-defined campus recruiting process, it’s pretty obvious that, if not enough students are seen during a campus visit, there won’t be enough invited back to lead to enough offers etc.  But a more subtle predictor of the success of a campus recruiting program is the number of students who present themselves during the campus visit who have a demonstrated interest in, familiarity with and preparation for the work that the organization does.  Rather than having a full schedule during the campus visit but with students who may or may not be likely prospects, is it far better to have a lighter schedule but with very high quality prospects?

The bottom line.  We’ve only scratched the surface on metrics here, but we now have a structure within which to consider, for a specific end-user organization or for an HRM software vendor’s product planning, which metrics would make the most sense and to trade off metrics complexity/difficulty against their value.  Enough about metrics for now.

In my last two posts, I introduced the importance and use of metrics in the running of the HRM business and it’s HRM delivery system (HRMDS).  I then introduced my HRM domain model to provide a precise and consistent terminology for the HRM processes when discussing HRM and HRMDS metrics (or any other aspect of or delivery method for HRM).   Having now set up your metrics spreadsheet, as recommended in my last post, with the domain model’s processes defining the columns, we’re ready to set up the rows.

For these, I’m proposing an HRM metrics taxonomy which goes from easiest to develop but furthest removed from achieving business outcomes to most difficult to develop but most directly related and important to achieving business outcomes.  The proposed taxonomy, therefore the rows in your spreadsheet, are going to be:

• HRM administrative process activity metrics;
• HRM strategic process activity metrics;
• HRM administrative process outcome metrics;
• HRM strategic process outcome metrics;
• HRM administrative process activity pattern recognition metrics;
• HRM strategic process activity pattern recognition metrics;
• HRM administrative process outcome pattern recognition metrics;
• HRM strategic process outcome pattern recognition metrics;
• HRM administrative process activity pattern prediction metrics;
• HRM strategic process activity pattern prediction metrics;
• HRM administrative process outcome pattern prediction metrics; and
• HRM strategic process outcome pattern prediction metrics.

In Part IV of this series on metrics, we’re going to explore in detail what each of these types of metrics is used for and provide examples for each of them across the HRM domain model.  While it’s fairly easy to suggest universally useful metrics for HRM administrative process activities and even administrative process outcomes, the more strategic and/or higher level metrics are really difficult to generalize — and that’s where the heavy analytical lifting by HR leaders and HRM process specialists comes in.  But to get us started understanding and using the taxonomy, here are some examples within the process Staff the Organizational Structure:

• HRM administrative process activity metrics — Number of unsolicited expressions of interest in working in our organization received through the career section of our public Web site during November, 2009;
• HRM strategic process activity metrics — Number of unsolicited expressions of interest in working in our organization received through the career section of our public Web site during November, 2009, who took our Web site’s initial screening questions;
• HRM administrative process outcome metrics — Number of unsolicited expressions of interest in working in our organization received through the career section of our public Web site during November, 2009, who passed our Web site’s initial screening questions and were, therefore, referred for recruiter followup;
• HRM strategic process outcome metrics — Number of unsolicited expressions of interest in working in our organization received through the career section of our public Web site during November, 2009, who passed our Web site’s initial screening questions at such a high level as to have been referred for followup to our high potential recruiter;
• HRM administrative process activity and outcome pattern recognition metrics — Percentage of unsolicited expressions of interest in working in our organization received through the career section of our public Web site during November, 2009, who passed our Web site’s initial screening questions and were, therefore, referred for recruiter followup which were from individuals asserting that they had been awarded an MBA between 1990 and 1995 from the list of MBA programs whose holders among our onboard staff have risen most rapidly through our management training program; and
• HRM strategic process activity and outcome pattern prediction metrics — Number of unsolicited expressions of interest in working in our organization received through the career section of our public Web site during November, 2009, who passed our Web site’s initial screening questions at such a high level as to have been referred for followup to our high potential recruiter, who detected that, while 59% of them had been awarded an MBA between 1990 and 1995 from the list of MBA progrms whose holders among our onboard staff have risen most rapidly through our management training program, these high potential “readings” are turning up increasingly among both MBA and M.S. Engineering graduates of several Indian universities that had not been represented previously in our qualified yet alone highly qualified applicant pool, and which graduates are needed in increasing numbers to staff our startup Indian shared services unit.

The bottom line. Stay with me as these columns continue to define the different categories of metrics and provide examples across the HRM domain model. But first a word of warning: never agonize over how to categorize a particular metric; just put it somewhere reasonable so that you don’t lose a good idea.  And don’t hesitate to collapse categories, as I’ve done for the last two above, to simplify the examples.